Rizal

Hongkong and Macao 1888
-February 1888
*full-grown man of 27 years of age
*practicing physician
*recognized man-of-letters
*embittered victim of human iniquities
-disillusioned dreamer
*frustrated reformer

Hongkong
-February 3,1888 (left Manila for Hongkong)
-February 7(stopover at Amony)
1. He was not feeling well
2. It was raining hard.
3. He heard that the city was dirty.
-February 8(arrival at Hongkong)
-Victoria Hotel
He was welcomed by Filipino residents, including Jose Basa, Balbino Mauricio and Manuel Yriarte.

-Jose Sainz de Varanda
*former secretary of Governor General Terrero
*shadowed Rizal’s movement
*believed to be a spy to Rizal
MACAO
-Rizal was accompanied by Basa
-visited the theatre, casino, cathedral and churches, pagodas, botanical garden and bazaars.
-Feb.19-hewitnesses a procession
-Feb.20-returned to Hongkong

Experiences in Hongkong
1.Noisy celebration of Chinese New Year(Feb.11 to 13)
2.Boisterous Chinese theatre
3.Marathon lauriat party
4.Dominican Order
5.Hongkong cemeteries
Departure from hongkong
-Feb.22, 1888-left for Japan

Romantic Interlude in Japan 1888
-one of Rizal’s happiest interludes was his visit in the “Land of the Cherry Blossoms” for one month and a half (Feb.28-Apr.13)
-fell inlove with Seiko Usui(O-Sei-San)
Rizal Arrives in Yokohama
-visited by Juan Perez Caballero
-invited Rizal to live at the Spanish Legation

Rizal accepted it for two reasons:
1.He could economize his living expenses by staying at the legation.
2.He had nothing to hide from the prying eyes of the Spanish authorities.
-March 7( checked out of Tokyo Hotel and lived at the Spanish Legation)
-He studied the Japanes language and Japanese drama.

Rizal’s Impression of Japan
1. Beauty of the country-flowers, mountains, and scenic panoramas.
2. The cleanliness, politeness and industry of the Japanese people.
3. The picturesque dress and simple charm of the Japanese women
4. Few thieves in Japan.
5. Beggars were rarely seen.

Romance with O-Sei-San
-O-Sei-San was a lonely samurai’s daughter of 23 years old and had never yet experienced the ecstacyof true love.
-She was Rizal’s ideal womanhood: beauty,charm, modesty and intelligence.
-More than a sweetheart, she was his guide , interpreter and tutor.
-She improved his knowledge of Nippongo and Japanese history.

Sayonara, Japan
-On April 13, 1888, he left Japan with a heavy heart for he knew he would never see again Japan and O-Sei-San.
O-Sei-San after Rizal’s departure
-She mourned for a long time the loss of her lover. She became resigned to her fate, cherishing unto death the nostalgic memories of her romance with Rizal.
About 1897, a year after Rizal’s execution, she married Mr. Alfred Chartlon and was blessed with one child named Yuriko.

Jose Rizal:
United States to Madrid

IMPRESSIONS on America
 the material progress in he country as shown in the great cities, huge farms, flourishing industries and busy factories
 the drive and energy of the American people
 the natural beauty of the land
 the high standard of living
 the opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants
 lack of racial equality

NEW YORK
 Rizal called it as the “big town”
 Inspired by the memorial to George Washington, “A great man who has no equal to his country”
 Left the city for Liverpool on board the City of Rome, the second largest ship in the world

“America is the land par excellence of freedom but only for the whites”

During the trip,
- Rizal won any friends (friendly and linguist)
- Entertained the passengers by manipulating yo-yo as a weapon
- discussed with some American newspapermen but didn’t enjoy it because they were intellectually inferior to him

He chose this city for 3 reasons:
 to improve his knowledge of the English language
 to study and annotate Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (British Museum)
 it is a safe place for him to carry on his fight against Spanish tyranny

LIFE in LONDON
 stayed as guest at the home of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, an 1872 exile and practising lawyer in London
 became a boarder of the Beckett family (Mr. Beckett, the church organist, his wife and children)
 came to know Dr. Reinhold Rost, the librarian of the Ministy of Foreign Affairs and an authority on Malayan languages and customs (He called Rizal as “a pearl of man”/”una perla de hombre”
 received good and bad news from home
- persecution of Filipino patriots, Calamba tenants, furious attacks on Rizal in the newspapers, Hidalgo, Rizal’s brother-in-law’s exile and a medical student was arrested and jailed because copies of Noli were found in his house
- Fr. Vicente Garcia defended the Noli from the Spanish friars’ attacks
 spent Christmas with the Beckett Family
 sent a bust of Emperor Augusts to Blumentritt and a bust of Julius Caesar to Carlos Czepelak (Polish scholar) as Christmas gifts
 received a book from Mrs. Beckett, “The life and adventures of Valenitin Vox, the Ventriloquist”

Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
“Historical Events of the Philippine Islands”
 published in Mexico, 1609 by Morga
 contained all written histories published during the early years of the Spanish regime
 “Morga does not have suprficiality and exaggeration which are found among the Spaniards today” – Blumentritt
 Rizal annotated this book
 Rizal had short visit to Paris in order to search for more historical materials in Bibliotheque Nationale (entertained by Juan Luna’s family)
 Rizal went to Spain also visiting Madrid and Barcelona and surveyed the political situation wit regards to Philippine reforms (met M.H. Del Pilar and M. Ponce, two titans of the Propaganda Movement

Asociacion La Solidaridad, Solidaridad Association

 It was inaugurated on December 31, 1888
 Rizal was chosen as Honorary President as a recognition to to his leadership among all Flipno patriots in Europe
 Rizal wrote a letter expressing his thanks in makng him the honorary president
 Graciano Lopez Jaena, founded a patriotic organ for the Popaganda Movement, the La Solidaridad
Aims of the La Solidaridad
1. To work peacefully for political and social reforms
2. To portray the deplorable conditions of the Philippines so that spain may remedy them
3. To oppose the evil forces of reaction and medievialism
4. To advocate liberal ideas and progress
5. To champion the legitimate aspirations of the Filino people to life, democracy and happiness

Rizal congratulated Jaena and his associates in founding the La Solidaridad
He advised him that great care should be taken in publishing only the truth

LOS AGRICULTORES FILIPINOS
- RizaL’s first article in La Solidaridad
- THE FILIPINO FARMERS
- depicted the deplorable conditions in the Philippines which cause the backwardness of the country

WRITINGS IN LONDON
 La Vision del Fray Rodriguez
 Letter to the Young Women in Malolos
 Specimens of Tagal Folklore
 Two Eastern Tables

La Vision del Fray Rodriguez, The Vision of Fray Rodriguez
- Pamphlet written by Rizal (Dimas Alang), in defense to Fr. Rodriguez’s attacks
- a satire depicting a spirited dialogue between St. Augustine and Fr. Rodriguez. St. Augustine told Fr. Rodriguez that he was commissioned by God to tell him of his stupidity and inform him of his penance on Earth that he shall continue to write more stupidity so that al men shall laugh at him.

Letter to the Young Women in Malolos
- Penned by Rizal upon the request of Del Pilar to praise the young ladies of Malolos for their courage to establish a school where they could learn Spanish, despite the opposition of Fr. Felipe Garcia, the Spanish priest
- Main points of the letter
1. A Filipino mother should teach her children love of God, fatherland and mankind
2. The Filipino mother should be glad, like the Spartan mother, to offer her sons in defense of the fatherland
3. A Filipino woman should know how to preserve her dignity and honor
4. A Filipino woman should educate herself, aside from retaining her good racial virtues
5. Faith is not merely reciting long prayers and wearing religious pictures, but rather it is living the real Christian way, with good morals and good manners

Spcimens of Tagal Folklore
Two Eastern Fables
- Written by Rizal for Dr. Rost’s journal,Trubner’s record
- The first article consisted of Filipino proverbs and puzzles
I. Proverbial sayings
- New king, new fashion (Ibang hari, ibang ugali)
- Too many words, too little work (labis na salita, kapos sa gawa)
- The fish is caught through the mouth (Sa bibig nahuhuli ang isda)
II. Puzzles
- He carries me, I carry him (dala niya ako, dalako rin siya)
- SHOES
- A deep well filledwith steel blades (isang balong malalim, ouno ng patalim)
- MOUTH

ROMANCE with GERTRUDE BECKETT

RIZAL’S SECOND SOJOURN IN PARIS AND THE UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION OF 1889

Universal Exposition(Exposition Universelle) 1889
 World’s Fair held in Paris, France
 Thousands of people from all corners of the world crowded every hotel, inn and boarding houses
Difficulty of Finding Living Quarters
 For a short time, Rizal lived in the house of his friend Valentin Ventura, at No. 45 Rue Maubeuge.
 He transferred his residence several times.
 Finally, he lived in little room, together with other Filipinos – Capitan Justo Trinidad, and Jose Albert.
Life in Paris
 He spent most of his time in..
- The reading room of Bibliotheque Nationale
- Living quarters writing letters to his family and friends
- The gymnasium for his daily physical exercises
- Visiting his friends
Rizal and Paris Exposition 1889
 Eiffle Tower – main symbol of the Fair – was completed in 1889, and served as the entrance arch to the Fair – constructed of puddled iron
 Gustave Eiffle – he designed the Eiffle Tower, a French Engineer
 Champ de Mars – where the 1889 Fair was built – it is the earlier site of Paris Universal Exhibition of 1867

Three Filipino Societies Rizal Founded
 Kidlat Club
- Among the members were Antonio and Juan Luna, Lauro Dimayuga, Baldomero Roxas, Gregorio Aguilera, Fernando Canon, Gregorio Pautu and Julio Llorente
- To bring together the young Filipinos in the French capital

 Indios Bravos
- its member pledged to excel in intellectual and physical prowess in order to win the admiration of the Spaniards
- they practised with greater energy the use of sword and pistol
- Rizal thaught them judo

 R.D.L.M. Society - Redencion de los Malayos
(Redemption of the Malays)
- He only mentioned this secret society to:
*Jose Maria Basa
*Marcelo H. del Pilar
- Only a few trusted friends of Rizal
became members
 The aim of it was “the propagation of all
useful knowledge – scientific, artistic, literary,
etc. – in the Philippines & the Redemption of
the Malay Race”

Annotated Edition of Morga Published
 Rizal’s outstanding achievement in Paris in January, 1890
 he wrote in the British Museum
 Printed by Garnier Freres
 Professor Bluementritt – wrote the Prologue

International Association of Filipinologists
 Rizal proposed to establish an “International Association of Filipinologist
 Universal Exposition of 1889 (Paris)
 Letter to Blumentritt – January 14, 1889
 Prospectus: aim of the association – “to study the Philippines from the scientific and historical point of view”
Filipino College in Hongkong
 Planned by Rizal while still in Paris
 To establish a modern college in Hong Kong
 Aim: “to train and educate men of good family and financial means in accordance with the demands of modern times and circumstances”
 Mr. Mariano Cunanan (Mexico, Pampanga) - 40,000 pesos (initial capital)
 Unfortunatly this project of Rizal to establish a modern college in Hong Kong did not materialized
“Por Telefono”
 In fall of 1889, Rizal wrote satirical work as a reply to another slander of Fr. Salvador Font
 Por Telefono was published in booklet from Barcelona
 He used the pen name “Dimas Alang”
 Telephone conversation between Fr. Font (Madrid) and the father provincial (San Agustin Convent in Manila)
Rizal and the Boustead Sisters
 Adelina Boustead – younger sister of the vivacious Nelly
 Marriage proposal did not prosper for three reasons: (1) was not sure he loved her because of his broken engagement with Leonor Rivera (2) Rizal refused to accept the condition that he become a Protestant like her (3) Adelina’s mother opposed the match because Rizal was not rich enough to support a family in style.
 Adelina Boustead – younger sister of the vivacious Nelly
 Marriage proposal did not prosper for three reasons: (1) was not sure he loved her because of his broken engagement with Leonor Rivera (2) Rizal refused to accept the condition that he become a Protestant like her (3) Adelina’s mother opposed the match because Rizal was not rich enough to support a family in style.
 He spent Christmas with Jose Albert and Capitan Justo Trinidad
 Christmas dinner: fried chicken, rice, and vegetables
 Rizal’s last Christmas dinner in Paris
 After New Year – brief visit to London (unknown purpose)
 Two theoretical reasons:
 - To check up his annotated edition of Morga’s Sucesos with the original copy in the British Museum; and
 - To see Gertrude Beckett for the last time
 Middle of January 1890 – back in Paris

Deviance and Social Groups

Deviance
– the recognized violation of cultural norms
• Norms guide virtually all human activities, rules of conduct specifying how people should behave in various situations
- Ranges from mild breaches of etiquette to serious violence/crimes
• Crime – the violation of norms a society formally enacts into criminal law
• Juvenile Delinquency – the violation of the legal standards by the young

Sociological Analysis of Deviance
1. Deviance varies according to cultural norms
There is no thought or action that is inherently deviant. It depends on the certain norms a society operates; deviance is relative
2. People can be termed as deviant as others perceive them that way
One can be termed as deviant depending on the response or perception of the social audience
3. Both rule-making and rule-breaking involves social power
Rooted in social inequality
4. Deviance depends on time, can be tolerated and accepted/approved and disproved
5. Not all deviance involves actions

Types of Deviant Behavior
1. Innovators – accept the culturally approved goals but disregard the institutional means to achieve them
2. Ritualists – give up cultural goals but follow the prescribed norms
3. Retreatists – abandon both the cultural goals and the prescribed means to achieve them
4. Rebels – reject both the societal goals and prescribed means to achieve them but try to set up new norms or goals

• Conformists – accept both culturally approved goals and means
• Deviants – reject either the goals or the means of achieving them
• Non-conformists – people with exceptional talents who seek to create new goals and the new means of attaining them

Specific Kinds of Deviant Behavior
1. Infractions of the Sex Code and Laws (rape, adultery, concubinage, pornography, zoophilia, sadism…)
2. Infractions to Life, Liberty, Property and against the State (abortion, child abuse, juvenile delinquency, rebellion, graft and corruption, violations of human rights…)
3. Infractions against self or Victimless crimes (illegal gambling, suicide, prostitution, smoking, alcoholism, mendicancy…)

Theories of Deviant Behavior
1. Social Pathology – deviant behavior is caused by people with physical and mental illness, malfunctions or deformities
2. Biological Theory – deviant behavior is a result of aberrant genetic traits
• Lombrosio – concluded that there are animalistic patterns found in criminals, savages and apes
• Sheldon – body type predict criminality
• Goring – found no difference between criminals and ordinary citizens
• Witkin – found that prisoners with an XYY chromosome pattern or with an extra Y chromosome might predispose themselves to deviance
• Danish study – men with extra Y chromosome are less intelligent and easier for the police to catch
3. Psychological Theory – deviant behavior is brought about by uncontrolled inner impulses (developed during childhood)
• Personality factors (personality traits are hereditary but most psychologists believe that temperament is shaped by social experiences; failure to structure one’s behavior in an acceptable way the norms, tensions, frustrations, traumatic experiences)
• Containment Theory - Reckless and Dinitz work : good boys (displayed conscience, cope well with frustrations, identify with cultural norms and values) and bad boys (weaker conscience, little tolerance for frustrations
4. Labeling Theory – society’s labeling on certain behaviors as deviant causes deviant behavior ( one respond to being labeled and embraced the role)
5. Anomie Theory/Structural Stress Theory – social structure prompts people to engage in deviant behavior (goals and means are not in harmony)
• Anomie – normlessness; condition within a society in which individuals found that prevailing social norms are ill-defects, weak and conflicting
6. Conflict Theory – deviant behavior is caused by unjust social structure (social arrangements)
7. Cultural Transmission/Differential Association – deviance is created through socialization/transmission of norms within a group
8. Feminist Theory – 3 schools of thought
• Liberal – rational response to gender discrimination
• Radical – attribute deviance to patriarchy
• Socialist – economic factors; capitalistic societies

 Emile Durkheim – no society can exist without deviance (S-F Analysis)

Functions of Deviance
1. Deviance affirms cultural values and norms
2. Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries
3. Responding to deviance promotes social unity
4. Deviance encourages social change


SANCTIONS as means of Social Control

Sanctions - refer to the system of reward and punishment in order to ensure that norms are followed and expectations met.

• Rewards – positive sanctions for those who behave properly
• Punishments – negative sanctions

Kinds:
1. Formal Sanctions – used for violations of formalized norms
• Governmental sanctions - penal laws and fines
• Business groups sanctions – promotions, bonuses, awards, suspensions and expulsions
• Religious sanctions – promises of salvation, penance, excommunication

2. Informal Sanctions – gossip, ridicule, concession, favorable or unfavorable pulic opinion, approval and praise, mob violence

SOCIAL GROUPS AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

As John Donne has stated, “no man is an island”. Man cannot live satisfactorily by himself alone. His very existence and the satisfaction of his needs and wants, as well as his happiness, depend to a large degree upon other people.

Homans defines a group as a collection of two or more persons who are in social interaction, who are guided by similar norms, values, and expectations and who maintain a stable pattern of relations over a period of time. Donald Light defines a group as a set of individuals who identify and interact with one another in a structured way based on shared values and goals.

Social group
- A unit of interacting personalities with interdependence of roles and statuses existing between and among themselves. It is a collection of people who interact with each other in accordance with the position they occupy in the society.

Social Organization
- A type of collectivity established for the pursuit of specific aims or goals
- Stable pattern of relationship

Social Structure
- Interdependent network of roles and the hierarchy of statuses which define the reciprocal expectations and the power arrangement of the members of the social unit guided by norms
Social Function
- The results of action that occur in relation to a particular structure and includes the results of the activities of individuals occupying particular statuses.

Human clusters – collections which do not form social groups but may transform into one.
1. Aggregates – collection of persons in a common physical location without interaction
2. Social category – members possess common identifying status characteristics but do not interact socially
3. Collectivity – temporary group of people interacting with each other but the interactions are passing or short-lived

Characteristics of Social Groups
1. Group members interact regularly (affect each other)
2. Develop a structure (status and role)
3. Members agree on important goals and values
4. Sense of identity (united and interdependent)

Types of Social Group
A. According to social ties (bond)
1. Primary Group – face-face structures, close and intimate relationship
Ex: family, gangs, cliques, play groups
• Family – principal agent of socialization
- Nursery of the human nature
2. Secondary group – comes later in life
- Impersonal, business-like
- Formal relationship
Ex: industrial workers, faculty staff, business associates
B. Based on Self-identification (whether a member refers to him/her to a group)
1. In-group – “we” feeling
- Individual feels at home, ex: friends
2. Out-group – outsiders of the group
- “they’ feeling
Ex: law abider and law violators; friends to enemies
3. Reference/psychological group – groups to which we consciously or unconsciously refer when we try to evaluate our own life situations or behavior
Normative function: model
C. According to geographical location
1. Gemeinschaft – social system is personal, traditional
- Community of intimate, private and exclusive living and familism ex: barrios, agriculture and fishing villages, tribal groups
- 2. Gesselschaft - relationships are impersonal, formal, contractual, more advanced
Ex: city, urban groups
D. According to form of organization
1. Formal groups – social organization
- Goals are clearly stated, division of labor, based on member’s merit
- Administrative structure – “bureaucracy” (hierarchical arrangement)
- Large scale, formal organization
Ex. Government
2. Informal groups – unplanned, doesn’t have specific goals
Ex: barkadas, gangs

• Leader – one who influence the activities of group towards the attainment of the goals